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Free Trial Video Overview I’d say flexibility is first. The BeforePrint event right now is my very best friend. It allows me to do very complex logic to display very critical pieces of information accurately in a way that draws the reader’s attention.

Beyond that, the stability of both the report writer which is excellent and the speed of generating these reports also excellent is top of the list. Brent Warwick. Export Data export is fully formatted. See Demo With over 30 years of programming experience, I can honestly state that DevExpress products are ready to take on the most demanding task. Ron Lindsey. The French Imprimerie nationale recommends double angle quotes even on the second level. This section may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch.

September Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Dutch article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.

A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:Aanhalingsteken]]; see its history for attribution. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Japanese Korean Traditional Chinese. Japanese Korean book titles Traditional Chinese. Korean South Korea Chinese for quote-within-quote segments. Korean book titles Chinese used for titles of books, documents, movies, pieces of art or music, magazines, newspapers, laws, etc.

Korean book sub-titles Chinese for book titles within book titles. This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message. Typical documents use normative character codes which are shown for the horizontal writing in this table, and applications are usually responsible to render correct forms depending on the writing direction used.

Teaching Strategies. ISBN Language Toolkit for New Zealand 2. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 11 August L’Express in French. Retrieved 5 June Retrieved 28 October The first example of quotation marks in print? Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

Daniels, The World’s Writing Systems , p. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. ISSN JSTOR OCLC Archived from the original on 22 June Retrieved 22 June Revised text of a lecture given on 13 October Punctuation — Quotation Marks”. The King’s English 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 22 June — via Bartleby. Modern Language Association of America. Latex Formatting Information. Retrieved 17 August Euskara Batuaren Eskuliburua in Basque.

Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 9 September Archived from the original on 10 August Quotation marks]. Retrieved 3 January Archived from the original PDF on 2 June Retrieved 28 December Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters. Oxford University Press. Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Filipino in Filipino. Manila: Commission on the Filipino Language. Galinova Editorial. European Union.

Retrieved 7 April Retrieved 28 May Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 27 October Retrieved 26 October The Lojban Reference Grammar. Retrieved 6 January Governo de Portugal. Consultas in Spanish. Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. Archived from the original on 23 October Retrieved 27 May Retrieved 5 September Ajiniyoz nomidagi Nukus davlat pedagogika instituti — Filologiya fakulteti.

Social Sciences Publishing House. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 23 November Archived from the original on 20 November Retrieved 11 September London: The Bodley Head. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 8 June Archived from the original on 12 October Archived from the original on 19 March Archived from the original on 7 February Archived from the original on 15 February Archived from the original on 21 June Archived from the original on 11 November Archived from the original on 22 April Archived from the original on 24 October Part 2, Chapter 6.

Subscription required free trial available. Retrieved 19 September The Green Bag Inc. Retrieved 7 January Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quotation marks.

Quotation marks also known as quotes , quote marks , speech marks , inverted commas , or talking marks [1] [2] are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set off direct speech , a quotation , or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same character. The single quotation mark is traced to Ancient Greek practice, adopted and adapted by monastic copyists.

Hanc scriptores nostri adponunt in libris ecclesiasticorum virorum ad separanda vel [ad] demonstranda testimonia sanctarum Scripturarum. Our copyists place this sign in the books of the people of the Church, to separate or to indicate the quotations drawn from the Holy Scriptures. The double quotation mark derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth-century manuscript annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance not necessarily a quotation ; the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage.

After the publication of Filelfo’s edition, the quotation marks for literal quotations prevailed. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century.

The usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters was generalized. By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific to each region. In Western Europe the custom became to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity of each mark aimed outward.

In France , by the end of the nineteenth century, the marks were modified to an angular shape: «…». Some authors [8] claim that the reason for this was a practical one, in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes, the commas, and the parentheses.

Also, in other scripts, the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters: the Greek breathing marks , the Armenian emphasis and apostrophe , the Arabic comma , the decimal separator , the thousands separator , etc.

Other authors [8] claim that the reason for this was an aesthetic one. The elevated quotation marks created an extra white space before and after the word, which was considered aesthetically unpleasing, while the in-line quotation marks helped to maintain the typographical color , since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters.

In Central Europe , the practice was to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity aimed inward. Alternatively, these marks could be angular and in-line with lower case letters, but still pointing inward: »…«. The French tradition prevailed in Eastern Europe Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus , whereas the German tradition, or its modified version with the convexity of the closing mark aimed rightward, has become dominant in Southeastern Europe , e.

The reemergence of single quotation marks around came about as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation. In American writing, quotation marks are normally the double kind the primary style.

If quotation marks are used inside another pair of quotation marks, then single quotation marks are used. For example: “Didn’t she say ‘I like red best’ when I asked her wine preferences?

If another set of quotation marks is nested inside single quotation marks, double quotation marks are used again, and they continue to alternate as necessary though this is rarely done. British publishing is regarded as more flexible about whether double or single quotation marks should be used.

Different varieties and styles of English have different conventions regarding whether terminal punctuation should be written inside or outside the quotation marks. North American printing usually puts full stops and commas but not colons, semicolons, exclamation or question marks inside the closing quotation mark, whether it is part of the original quoted material or not.

The closing single quotation mark is identical in form to the apostrophe and similar to the prime symbol. The double quotation mark is identical to the ditto mark in English-language usage. It is also similar to—and often used to represent—the double prime symbol. These all serve different purposes. Other languages have similar conventions to English, but use different symbols or different placement.

Contemporary Bulgarian employs em dash or quotation horizontal bar followed by a space characer at the beginning of each direct-speech segment by a different character in order to mark direct speech in prose and in most journalistic question and answer interviews ; in such cases, the use of standard quotation marks is left for in-text citations or to mark the names of institutions, companies, and sometimes also brand or model names.

Air quotes are also widely used in face-to-face communication in contemporary Bulgarian but usually resemble ” The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting. Neutral straight quotation marks, ” and ‘ , are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites. Although not generally common in the Netherlands any more, double angle guillemet quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium.

Some fonts, e. Verdana , were not designed with the flexibility to use an English left quote as a German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage. Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German.

Double right-pointing angular quotes, »…» , can also be used. Alternatively, an en-dash followed by a non-breaking space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted see section Quotation dash below. A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation.

French uses angle quotation marks guillemets , or duck-foot quotes , adding a ‘quarter-em space’ [a] within the quotes. Many people now use the non-breaking space , because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four-per-em is virtually imperceptible but also because the Unicode quarter-em space is breakable , and the quarter-em glyph is omitted from many fonts.

Even more commonly, many people just put a normal breaking space between the quotation marks because the non-breaking space cannot be accessed easily from the keyboard; furthermore, many are simply not aware of this typographical refinement. Using the wrong type of space often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is treated as an independent word.

This parallels normal usage in other languages, e. They were different from English quotes because they were standing like today’s guillemets on the baseline like lowercase letters , and not above it like apostrophes and English quotation marks or hanging down from it like commas.

Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets, with both types pointing to the right like today’s French closing guillemets. They must be used with non-breaking spaces , preferably narrow, if available, i. Legacy support of narrow non-breakable spaces was done at rendering level only, without interoperability as provided by Unicode support. In old-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text including multiple paragraphs , an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation; any right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation.

This convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks occurred even if there is a word hyphenation break. Given this feature has been obsoleted, there is no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word-processors.

Old-style typesetting is emulated by breaking up the final layout with manual line breaks, and inserting the quotation marks at line start, much like pointy brackets before quoted plain text e-mail:. Unlike English, French does not set off unquoted material within a quotation by using a second set of quotation marks. The French Imprimerie nationale cf. The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance in situations when the keyboard or the software context doesn’t allow the use of guillemets.

But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics. Single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers:. Further, running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation.

For other languages employing dashes, see section Quotation dash below. The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just nonverbal text such as “he said” as previously noted , but also as long as the conversion extends. The quotation marks end at the last spoken text rather than extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken.

A closing quotation mark, » , is added to the beginning of each new quoted paragraph. In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform unpaired apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:.

A quotation dash is also used, and is predominant in belletristic literature. The PWN rules state:. In specific uses, guillemets also appear. Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries , as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.

In Polish books and publications, this style for use of guillemets also known as »German quotes« is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles but almost never in ordinary text in paragraphs. Another style of quoting is to use an em-dash to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues, and is virtually the only convention used in works of fiction.

An en-dash is sometimes used in place of the em-dash , especially so in newspaper texts. Neither the Portuguese language regulator nor the Brazilian prescribe what is the shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used. In Portugal , the angular quotation marks [53] [58] ex. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, used normally by typographers.

It is that also the chosen representation for displaying quotation marks in reference sources, [57] [75] [76] and it is also the chosen representation from some sites dedicated to the Portuguese Language. The usage of curved quotation marks ex. This can be verified by the difference between a Portuguese keyboard which possesses a specific key for « and for » and a Brazilian keyboard. The Portuguese-speaking African countries tend to follow Portugal’s conventions, not the Brazilian ones.

In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks.

Pushkin wrote to Delvig: “Waiting for ‘Gypsies’, and publish at once. One of my acquaintances, a poet and literary critic, once jokingly said: ‘I prefer to read dictionaries than poems.

The dictionary has the same words as in the poem, but is presented in a systematic way’. It’s a joke, but ‘reading dictionaries’ is not as amazing and bizarre as it may seem. Spanish uses angled quotation marks comillas latinas or angulares as well, but always without the spaces.

And, when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is: [80]. Hispanic Americans often use them, owing to influence from the United States.

Corner brackets are well-suited for Chinese , Japanese , and Korean languages which are written in both vertical and horizontal orientations.

China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. Usage differs when writing horizontally:.

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Data mining is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learningstatisticsand database systems. The term “data mining” is a misnomer because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the extraction mining of data itself.

The book Data mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java [8] which covers mostly machine learning material was originally to be named Practical machine learningand the term data mining was only added for marketing reasons.

The actual data mining task is the semi- automatic or automatic analysis of large mxnual of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records cluster analysisunusual records anomaly detectionand dependencies association rule miningsequential pattern mining.

This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indices. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input publisehr, and may be used in further analysis or, for example, in machine microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free and predictive analytics.

For example, the data mining step might identify multiple groups in manuual data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data collection, data preparation, nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step, although they comodo 10 free download free download belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps.

The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free. In contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.

The related terms data dredgingdata fishingand data snooping pubblisher to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population publishee set that are or may be too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered.

These methods can, however, be used in creating new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations. In the s, statisticians and economists used terms like data fishing or data dredging нажмите для деталей refer to what they considered the bad practice of analyzing смотрите подробнее without an a-priori hypothesis.

The term “data mining” was used in a similarly critical way by economist Michael Lovell in an article published in the Review of Economic Studies in The term data mining appeared around in the database community, with generally positive connotations. Other terms used include data archaeologyinformation harvestinginformation discoveryknowledge extractionetc. Puvlisher Piatetsky-Shapiro coined the term “knowledge discovery in frwe for the first workshop on the same topic KDD and this term became microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free popular in AI and machine learning community.

However, the term data mining became more popular in the business and press communities. It was co-chaired by Usama Fayyad and Ramasamy Uthurusamy. A year later, inUsama Fayyad launched the journal by Kluwer called Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery as its founding editor-in-chief.

The journal Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery is the primary research journal of the mankal. The manual extraction of patterns from data has microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free for centuries.

Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes’ theorem s and regression analysis s. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, ссылки!!!!!!!!!!! sony acid pro 7 serial number 1k0 free download что “hands-on” data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of machine learning, such as neural адресcluster analysisgenetic algorithms sdecision trees and decision rules sand support vector machines s.

Data mining is the process microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free applying these methods with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns. It bridges the gap from applied statistics and artificial intelligence which usually provide the mathematical background to database management by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data sets.

Before data mining algorithms can be yser, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit.

A common source for data is a data mart or data warehouse. Pre-processing is essential to analyze the multivariate data sets before data mining. The target set is then cleaned. Data cleaning removes the observations containing noise and those with missing data. Data mining involves six common classes of tasks: [5].

Data mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results maanual appear to be significant but подробнее на этой странице do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be reproduced on a new sample usr data, therefore bearing little use. This is sometimes caused by publizher too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis testing.

The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the mannual mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. Not all fere found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in publiaher general data set. This is called overfitting.

Pkblisher overcome this, the evaluation uses перейти test set of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free the desired output.

For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish “spam” from “legitimate” e-mails would be trained on a training set of sample e-mails. Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test mnual of e-mails on which it had not been trained.

The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free e-mails they correctly publksher. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as ROC curves. If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps.

If the learned patterns do meet the desired mahual, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge. JDM 2. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data microsofft task of high importance to business applications.

However, extensions to cover for example subspace clustering have been proposed independently of the DMG. Data mining microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free used wherever there is digital data available today. Notable examples of data mining can be found throughout business, medicine, science, and surveillance.

While the term “data mining” itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to user behavior ethical and otherwise. The microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions usef privacylegality, and ethics. Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations.

A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation. Data aggregation involves combining data together imcrosoft from various sources in a way that facilitates analysis but that also microdoft make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent. The threat to an individual’s privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, rfee the data pkblisher, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous.

It is recommended [ according to whom? Data may also be modified so as to become anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be pubpisher.

The inadvertent revelation of personally identifiable information leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices.

This indiscretion can cause financial, emotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual. In one instance of privacy violationthe patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in for selling prescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data to pharmaceutical companies. Europe has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers.

However, the U. Safe Harbor Principlesdeveloped between andcurrently effectively manusl European users to privacy exploitation by U. As a consequence of Mxnual Snowden ‘s global surveillance disclosurethere has been increased discussion to revoke this agreement, as in particular the data will be fully exposed to vree National Security Agencyand attempts to reach an agreement with the United States have failed.

In the United Kingdom in particular there have been cases of corporations using data mining as a way to target certain groups of customers forcing them to pay unfairly high prices. These groups tend to be people mifrosoft microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free socio-economic status who are not savvy to the ways they can be exploited in увидеть больше market places. The HIPAA requires individuals to give their “informed consent” regarding information they provide and its intended present and future uses.

More importantly, the rule’s goal of protection through informed consent is approach a level of incomprehensibility to average individuals. The use of data mining by the majority of businesses in the U. Under European copyright and database lawsthe mining of in-copyright works such as by web mining without the permission of the copyright owner is not legal. Where a database is pure data in Europe, it may be that there is no copyright—but database rights may exist so data mining becomes subject microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free intellectual property owners’ rights that are protected by the Database Directive.

On the recommendation of the Hargreaves reviewthis led to the UK mmicrosoft to amend its copyright law in to allow content mining as a limitation and exception. However, due to the restriction of the Information Society Directivethe UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes. UK copyright law also does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions.

Since also Switzerland has been regulating data mining by allowing it in the research field under certain conditions laid down by art. This new article entered into piblisher on 1 Microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free The European Commission facilitated stakeholder discussion on text and data mining inunder the title of Licences for Europe.

US copyright lawand in particular its provision for fair useupholds the 213 of content mining in America, and other fair use countries oublisher as Israel, Taiwan and South Korea. As content mining is game offline free pc согласен, that is it does microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free supplant the original work, it is viewed as being lawful under fair use. For example, as part of the Google Book uset the presiding judge on the case ruled that Google’s digitization project of in-copyright books was lawful, pdd part because of the transformative uses that the digitization project displayed—one being text and data mining.

Public access to application source code is also available. For more information about extracting information out of data as opposed to analyzing datasee:. From Wikipedia, hser free encyclopedia.

Process fre extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets. Dimensionality reduction. Structured prediction. Microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free models Windows 10 boot repair net Conditional random field Hidden Markov. Anomaly detection.

Artificial http://replace.me/17529.txt network. Reinforcement learning. Learning with humans. Active learning Crowdsourcing Human-in-the-loop. Model diagnostics. Learning curve. Machine-learning venues. Related articles.

Microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free.Data mining – Wikipedia

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The evolving needs of the enterprise dictate that a reporting solution offer simple and straightforward end-user customization options so that report consumers can freely manipulate output to maximize clarity. Flexibility is key and ease-of-use paramount. Free Trial Video Overview. Set up reports and preview the result in Visual Studio with supplied data. Add the Report Preview to your desktop or web application to show reports for end users.

See Demo. DevExpress Reports allows you to quickly convert reports with editable fields such as text fields, character combs, check boxes, radio groups, and picture boxes to PDF documents with AcroForms. With our PDF Signature control, you can embed a visual digital signature or signature placeholders within reports. Placeholders can then be used to both edit and sign the exported PDF file.

Free Trial Watch video. Whether building a desktop or web application, you can enable the same data shaping and analysis features:. NET report filter options include:. Watch the introduction. Download our fully-functional day trial today and experience the DevExpress difference today.

Download Free Trial. NET Core. Data Federation Combine multiple data sources and define joins or master-detail relationships between data source queries. Our Reporting Suite ships with a fully integrated Localization Editor to help you expedite the report translation process.

You and your users can easily translate report elements and text strings within Visual Studio. Ships with a comprehensive suite of WinForms Skins including vector based , WPF Themes and color schemes for our web reporting components. Section and WCAG 2. Review the list of development tools and frameworks supported by our products. We strongly recommend that you always download and use the most recent versions.

If the latest version does not support the IDE or framework that you’re using, please write to us at support devexpress. We are so confident in our products and services that we back them with a 60 day no questions asked money back guarantee. If within the first 60 days of ownership you are not satisfied with the capabilities of our tools, you can request a full refund of the amount you paid to DevExpress by writing to clientservices devexpress.

Experience the DevExpress difference and see why your peers consistently vote our products 1. With our Universal Subscription, you will build your best, see complex software with greater clarity, increase your productivity and create stunning applications for Windows, Web and your Mobile world. Explore Our Newest Features. NET 6 Support. Need help or require more information? About Us. Announcing DevExpress Universal v Now supports.

Product List – Web Report Viewer. Balance Sheet – Web Report Viewer. Restaurant Menu – Web Report Viewer. WPF Report Viewer. Learn more about Blazor Report Viewer. Learn more about Report Analyzer. Visual Studio Report Designer for. Read the blog post. Cross-Platform Reporting Create Reports inside your favourite. NET platform The long term success of the enterprise is wholly dependent on the accurate exchange of mission-critical information throughout the organization.

Fully Customizable Report Types Create Elegant and Easy-to-Read Reports Use our embedded Reports to generate a variety of report types – from simple mail-merge, table and vertical reports to master-detail hierarchical and cross-tab reports.

Sample Reports restaurant menu Label Report product list balance sheet invoice sales analysis e-form drill-down. Our customers can customize existing reports very easily. Aditya Swami.

Your Data. Your Way. All major data providers are fully supported. Rich Data Visualization Comprehensive Suite of UI Elements The goal is simple: provide business users with the information required to monitor business outcomes and make intelligent, real-time decisions.

Ron Lindsey. Definitely XtraReports. Worth its weight in gold! Conrad Akunga. Dynamic Report Filters Flexible report parameter engine inside. NET report filter options include: Ability to customize individual report parameter editors Define custom parameter types Hide and disable report parameter editors based on user input Combine report parameters into visual groups Pass report parameter values directly to a data source query Create multi-value, data-bound, nullable and date range report parameters Watch the introduction.

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About Us. Announcing DevExpress Universal v Now supports. Product List – Web Report Viewer. Balance Sheet – Web Report Viewer. Restaurant Menu – Web Report Viewer. WPF Report Viewer. Learn more about Blazor Report Viewer. Learn more about Report Analyzer.

Visual Studio Report Designer for. Read the blog post. Cross-Platform Reporting Create Reports inside your favourite. NET platform The long term success of the enterprise is wholly dependent on the accurate exchange of mission-critical information throughout the organization. Fully Customizable Report Types Create Elegant and Easy-to-Read Reports Use our embedded Reports to generate a variety of report types – from simple mail-merge, table and vertical reports to master-detail hierarchical and cross-tab reports.

DevExpress is so great. It is something that only makes sense when you have tried it yourself. Percival D. Buenvenida JR. A Few of Our Report Controls chart rich text cross tab sparkline bar code pdf content subreport character comb. Free Trial Video Overview I’d say flexibility is first. The BeforePrint event right now is my very best friend. It allows me to do very complex logic to display very critical pieces of information accurately in a way that draws the reader’s attention. Beyond that, the stability of both the report writer which is excellent and the speed of generating these reports also excellent is top of the list.

Brent Warwick. Export Data export is fully formatted. See Demo With over 30 years of programming experience, I can honestly state that DevExpress products are ready to take on the most demanding task. Ron Lindsey. Definitely XtraReports. Worth its weight in gold! Conrad Akunga. Dynamic Report Filters Flexible report parameter engine inside. NET report filter options include: Ability to customize individual report parameter editors Define custom parameter types Hide and disable report parameter editors based on user input Combine report parameters into visual groups Pass report parameter values directly to a data source query Create multi-value, data-bound, nullable and date range report parameters Watch the introduction.

Start your free day trial today! See Details. Report Localization Our Reporting Suite ships with a fully integrated Localization Editor to help you expedite the report translation process. Watch the Video Overview. Read the documentation. Learn more Watch video.

Frequently Asked Questions. How do I get started with DevExpress Reports for. Follow our walkthrough tutorials and learn how to create popular reports. Watch our tutorial videos on YouTube. Office for the web training Learn how to stay productive in Office from any browser with these brand new courses. Cheat sheets Get up to speed fast with these quick references and keyboard shortcuts. Infographics Get inspired with cool new infographics for your favorite Office apps.

For small businesses Watch these short, easy videos to help you set up Microsoft Modern workplace training Learn how to get more work done, from anywhere on any device with Microsoft and Windows More training Office training LinkedIn Learning. Get support. Join the discussion. We do not take the issue of plagiarism rightly. As a company we try as much as possible to ensure all orders are plagiarism free.

We also have a plagiarism detection system where all our papers are scanned before being delivered to clients. We have writers who are always ready to work and take up orders with a short deadline. We deliver papers as early as after 3 hours of ordering. You only have to indicate the short deadline and our support team will help pick the best and most qualified writer in your field. The writer will confirm whether they will submit the paper within the set deadline. After confirmation, your paper will be delivered on time.

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If it is an academic paper, you have to ensure it is permitted by your institution. We do not ask clients to reference us in the papers we write for them. When we write papers for you, we transfer all the ownership to you. This means that you do not have to acknowledge us in your work not unless you please to do so. Our online assignment help is one of the best essay writing help in the world as we work with international students from the most prestigious universities in the world.

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Whenever students face academic hardships, they tend to run to online essay help companies. If this is also happening to you, you can message us at course help online. We will ensure we give you a high quality content that will give you a good grade. We can handle your term paper, dissertation, a research proposal, or an essay on any topic. We are aware of all the challenges faced by students when tackling class assignments. You can have an assignment that is too complicated or an assignment that needs to be completed sooner than you can manage.

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Achiever Papers is here to save you from all this stress. Microsoft More Programs PUB Viewer Pro 2. Microsoft Publisher is essentially a graphic design tool. It may be like Microsoft Word in terms of functionality, but Publisher emphasizes more on page design and layout instead of formatting and word composition.

The application offers less expensive and easy-to-use publishing options to create designs. Publisher comes in bundled in with Office The other route is buying Office and subscribing to Publisher via Office As aforementioned, buying Office is mandatory to access and use Microsoft Publisher And the reason for this could probably the seamless integration the tool experiences with other Microsoft products.

Soft4Boost Document Converter is an easy-to-use software application designed to view and convert various types of documents. Laws concerning the use of this software vary from country to country. We do not encourage or condone the manuwl of this program if publishee is in microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free of these laws. Softonic may receive a referral fee if you click or buy any of microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free products featured here.

Download Microsoft Publisher for PC. What will happen when you click Download? You will be redirected to an manul website to complete publisheg download. If you encounter any issues with your download, please report them here. App specs License Trial version Version Last month’s downloads 6K. Microsoft More Programs PUB Viewer Pro 2.

Microsoft Publisher is essentially a graphic design tool. It перейти на источник be like Microsoft Word in terms of functionality, but Publisher emphasizes more on page design and layout instead of formatting and word composition. The application offers less expensive and easy-to-use publishing options pyblisher create designs. Publisher comes in bundled in with Microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free The other route is buying Office and subscribing to Publisher via Office As aforementioned, buying Office is mandatory to access and use Microsoft Publisher And the reason for this could probably the seamless integration the tool experiences with other Microsoft products.

Microsoft Publisher is an entry-level application for small businesses, and also home users. It is right for firms who cannot afford or are not willing to buy an expensive publishing program, primarily because they have limited desktop publishing experience.

To work with Publisheryou need not be a professional graphics designer. All that is needed is some basic knowledge of Publisher and a bit of creativity. The program is user-friendly and easy to use. Ссылка you are a new user manuak who has not done any kind of graphic designing work before, the included tutorial should help you get the hang of things.

Publisher is the best Publisher version yet. It imports all the great features of past Publisher versions and also comes up microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free some new features that add more functionality to the tool and make it more refined. You can now insert images from external sources such as Flickr and Facebook, insert multiple pictures simultaneously into the scratch area, fdee pictures and use picture backgrounds, add special effects atop pictures and text, etc.

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Users can also choose to work from scratch. Microsoft provides the option to mail the file directly, export the file as another type of file, or have the file uploaded to the cloud for online publishing. Manuzl works seamlessly with other Microsoft products such as Word and Excel. But it could face issues with some non-Microsoft products. Graphic designing is limited and professionals may find working with Publisher quite challenging.

Microosft can jicrosoft simpler effects like bevels, 3D extrusions, and basic shapes. However, more advanced work such as touching up of photos or crafting microsoft publisher 2013 user manual pdf free exactly the way you want won’t be possible.

Discover how industry professionals leverage Microsoft to communicate, collaborate, and improve productivity across the team and organization. Start here. Switch from G Suite. Quick Starts. Microsoft Accessibility Help. Office Accessibility Training. Office training. LinkedIn Learning. Learn the basics Get going quickly and easily with Microsoft video training. Quick Starts Get up to speed in no time with these popular guides.

Collaborate Do your best work together. With Microsoft , you can collaborate with anyone, anywhere. Office for the web training Learn how to stay productive in Office from any browser with these brand new courses. Cheat sheets Get up to speed fast with these quick references and keyboard shortcuts. Infographics Get inspired with cool new infographics for your favorite Office apps. For small businesses Watch these short, easy videos to help you set up Microsoft We do not encourage or condone the use of this program if it is in violation of these laws.

Softonic may receive a referral fee if you click or buy any of the products featured here. Download Microsoft Publisher for PC. What will happen when you click Download? You will be redirected to an external website to complete the download.

If you encounter any issues with your download, please report them here. App specs License Trial version Version Last month’s downloads 6K.

Microsoft More Programs PUB Viewer Pro 2. Microsoft Publisher is essentially a graphic design tool. It may be like Microsoft Word in terms of functionality, but Publisher emphasizes more on page design and layout instead of formatting and word composition.

Developer Express Inc is proud to announce the immediate availability of its newest release, DevExpress v Built and optimized for desktop, web, and mobile developers alike We thank all our loyal users for casting their vote on behalf of DevExpress.

DevExpress Reports is our royalty-free reporting tool and component library for the. NET ecosystem. With 40 categories and over products to choose from, DevExpress Reporting is honored to have been voted 1 in this year’s Visual Studio Magazine Reader’s Choice Awards. Powered by our core reporting engine, our new Report Viewer is based on Blazor Server hosting model and allows you to display, print and export DevExpress Reports in your next Blazor Server app.

Our cross-platform drawing engine ensures that document rendering quality and PDF export is consistent regardless of target platform be it.

NET Core or. Use our embedded Reports to generate a variety of report types – from simple mail-merge, table and vertical reports to master-detail hierarchical and cross-tab reports. Leverage our fully integrated. NET report wizards and built-in report templates to create clear, concise and fully formatted documents to address the analytics requirements of your organization. Free Trial. Power users demand options and want control over the information they distribute within the enterprise.

The need to meet these requirements can be daunting, especially for reports. With its powerful report designers, DevExpress Reporting makes it easy to integrate runtime report customization in your next project. You can create reports with point and click ease and use them in a Windows, Web or Mobile app.

While the goal may be simple, the reality is that most reports are rigid and don’t allow users to efficiently explore information on their own terms. The evolving needs of the enterprise dictate that a reporting solution offer simple and straightforward end-user customization options so that report consumers can freely manipulate output to maximize clarity. Flexibility is key and ease-of-use paramount. Free Trial Video Overview. Set up reports and preview the result in Visual Studio with supplied data.

Add the Report Preview to your desktop or web application to show reports for end users. See Demo. DevExpress Reports allows you to quickly convert reports with editable fields such as text fields, character combs, check boxes, radio groups, and picture boxes to PDF documents with AcroForms.

NET report filter options include:. Watch the introduction. Download our fully-functional day trial today and experience the DevExpress difference today. Download Free Trial. NET Core. Data Federation Combine multiple data sources and define joins or master-detail relationships between data source queries.

Our Reporting Suite ships with a fully integrated Localization Editor to help you expedite the report translation process. You and your users can easily translate report elements and text strings within Visual Studio. Ships with a comprehensive suite of WinForms Skins including vector based , WPF Themes and color schemes for our web reporting components. Section and WCAG 2. Review the list of development tools and frameworks supported by our products. We strongly recommend that you always download and use the most recent versions.

If within the first 60 days of ownership you are not satisfied with the capabilities of our tools, you can request a full refund of the amount you paid to DevExpress by writing to clientservices devexpress. Experience the DevExpress difference and see why your peers consistently vote our products 1. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Database manager part of the Microsoft Office package. Microsoft Office Access running on Windows Office Beta Channel See also: Web form.

Main article: Upsizing database. The Verge. Retrieved October 5, PC Mag. Ziff Davis, Inc. Retrieved May 23, Retrieved October 15, Retrieved March 13, Retrieved January 2, November 14, September 4, July 31, October 16, November 20, November 4, July 13, July 20, The Old New Thing.

April 13, Retrieved May 20, Retrieved June 13, July 22, Retrieved April 24, Retrieved September 4, Office Blogs. September 7, Retrieved August 20, Retrieved January 17, Retrieved June 15, From access to SQL server.

Apress Series. ISBN Retrieved July 8, SQL pass-through queries are queries in which you can enter a statement that is passed directly to the ODBC driver without the Jet engine validating it or parsing it in any way. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved September 22, Retrieved July 19, Retrieved October 20, Retrieved October 23, Retrieved July 20, Office 97 Resource Kit.

Retrieved May 2, Microsoft Office website. Archived from the original on February 2, Archived from the original on March 4, Archived from the original on June 15, Microsoft TechNet. April 28, February 19, December 16, Retrieved August 15, Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Access. Microsoft Office. History Microsoft Discontinued shared tools Accounting Docs. Authority control: National libraries Czech Republic. Categories : software Data-centric programming languages Desktop database application development tools MacOS database-related software Microsoft database software Microsoft Office Programming languages created in Proprietary database management systems Relational database management systems Windows database-related software Database administration tools.

Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from August All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from April Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January Articles containing potentially dated statements from All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July Commons category link from Wikidata Articles with NKC identifiers.

Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. It was co-chaired by Usama Fayyad and Ramasamy Uthurusamy. A year later, in , Usama Fayyad launched the journal by Kluwer called Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery as its founding editor-in-chief. The journal Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery is the primary research journal of the field.

The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes’ theorem s and regression analysis s. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct “hands-on” data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of machine learning, such as neural networks , cluster analysis , genetic algorithms s , decision trees and decision rules s , and support vector machines s.

Data mining is the process of applying these methods with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns. It bridges the gap from applied statistics and artificial intelligence which usually provide the mathematical background to database management by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data sets.

Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit.

Data mining involves six common classes of tasks: [5]. Data mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results that appear to be significant but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be reproduced on a new sample of data, therefore bearing little use.

This is sometimes caused by investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis testing. The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set.

Not all patterns found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the general data set. This is called overfitting. To overcome this, the evaluation uses a test set of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared to the desired output. For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish “spam” from “legitimate” e-mails would be trained on a training set of sample e-mails.

Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test set of e-mails on which it had not been trained. The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how many e-mails they correctly classify. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as ROC curves. If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps.

If the learned patterns do meet the desired standards, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge. JDM 2. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data mining task of high importance to business applications. However, extensions to cover for example subspace clustering have been proposed independently of the DMG.

Data mining is used wherever there is digital data available today. Notable examples of data mining can be found throughout business, medicine, science, and surveillance. While the term “data mining” itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to user behavior ethical and otherwise. The ways in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions regarding privacy , legality, and ethics.

Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations.

A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation. Data aggregation involves combining data together possibly from various sources in a way that facilitates analysis but that also might make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent. The threat to an individual’s privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, cause the data miner, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous.

It is recommended [ according to whom? Data may also be modified so as to become anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be identified. The inadvertent revelation of personally identifiable information leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices. This indiscretion can cause financial, emotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual.

In one instance of privacy violation , the patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in for selling prescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data to pharmaceutical companies.

Europe has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers. However, the U.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Please click on the following link to open the newsletter signup page: Ghacks Newsletter Sign up. Ghacks is a technology news blog that was founded in by Martin Brinkmann. It has since then become one of the most popular tech news sites on the Internet with five authors and regular contributions from freelance writers. Search for:. Martin Brinkmann. Microsoft Office. Related content Microsoft delays policy that blocks macros in Office documents from the Internet.

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Comments Paul us said on June 29, at pm. Main number one to create, edit, sign, and secure PDF is Nitro. The number two is Sumatra. I will not used since never use Adobe PDF reader again. Klaas Vaak said on June 29, at pm. Klaas Vaak said on June 30, at am.

Is it arrogant and idiotic to say that a Mercedes is a superior car to a Volkswagen? Tom Hawack said on June 29, at pm. Coriy said on June 29, at pm. Henk said on June 29, at pm. Alex said on June 29, at pm.

Retrieved 3 January Archived from the original PDF on 2 June Retrieved 28 December Oxford Dictionaries: Language Matters. Oxford University Press. Gabay sa Ortograpiyang Filipino in Filipino. Manila: Commission on the Filipino Language.

Galinova Editorial. European Union. Retrieved 7 April Retrieved 28 May Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 27 October Retrieved 26 October The Lojban Reference Grammar. Retrieved 6 January Governo de Portugal.

Consultas in Spanish. Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. Archived from the original on 23 October Retrieved 27 May Retrieved 5 September Ajiniyoz nomidagi Nukus davlat pedagogika instituti — Filologiya fakulteti. Social Sciences Publishing House. Archived from the original on 10 November Retrieved 23 November Archived from the original on 20 November Retrieved 11 September London: The Bodley Head. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 8 June Archived from the original on 12 October Archived from the original on 19 March Archived from the original on 7 February Archived from the original on 15 February Archived from the original on 21 June Archived from the original on 11 November Archived from the original on 22 April Archived from the original on 24 October Part 2, Chapter 6.

Subscription required free trial available. Retrieved 19 September The Green Bag Inc. Retrieved 7 January Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quotation marks.

Alignment Leading River Runaround Widows and orphans. All caps Camel case Initial Letter case Small caps. Serif Antiqua , Didone , slab serif Sans-serif.

Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher. Insular Uncial. Record type Display typeface script , fat face , reverse-contrast. Calligraphy Type design Style guide Type foundry History of Western typography Intellectual property protection of typefaces Technical lettering.

Punctuation and other typographic symbols. Punctuation marks and other typographical marks or symbols. Version of this table as a sortable list Currency symbols Diacritics accents Logic symbols Math symbols Whitespace Chinese punctuation Hebrew punctuation Japanese punctuation Korean punctuation.

Categories : Punctuation Typographical symbols. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Double citation marks are only used in literal citations The sequence when using primary and secondary level is a recommendation, not a rule.

Double quotes are not officially named in Lojban, but sometimes called lubu , following the same pattern as vowel letters, e. Non-Lojban text may be quoted using zoi. French double angle quotes left and right , legacy approximative spacing usual on the web, with normal four per em no-break space justifying, thus inappropriate.

French double angle quotes left and right , correct spacing used by typographers, with narrow six per em non-breaking spaces, represented on the web using narrow no-break space. French single angle quotes left and right , alternate form for embedded quotations, legacy approximative spacing usual on the web, with normal four per em no-break space justifying, thus inappropriate. French single angle quotes left and right , alternate form for embedded quotations, correct spacing used by typographers, with narrow six per em non-breaking spaces, represented on the web using narrow no-break space.

Quotation dash, also known as horizontal bar. Em-dash , an alternative to the quotation dash. En-dash , used instead of em-dash for quotation dash in some languages e. Muscle or fat? I had used Foxit way back when, but switched to Sumatra before Foxit 7 was released. Boy, is it big, too. Maybe Foxit PDF Editor is still bundled in the installer but they just removed the option when installing the reader Not sure links are allowed here but here it goes if anyone is interested.

Sumatra, as Henk in his above comment, I like Sumatra even better than Java ;-. Sumatra president morning lol. This is a great alternative to Adobe Reader. Got rid of all Adobe products from my computer once Flash died. Foxit also has better display quality than some others. It is too bad that it has gotten so large over the years, but it is still pretty fast, and features like document filling and signing are useful.

Occasionally I get the urge to see what else is out there, but so nothing else has swayed me away from Foxit Reader. For editing, I have used Nitro Pro, and liked it better than Acrobat.

Sumatra is far too simple, lacks too many features for me to take it seriously. Who does Foxit belong to? Its site says it has headquarters in the United States, but I wrote down in my notes a while ago that it was China-owned. I cannot find any hints to that effect on its website. Does anyone know for sure? Replying to myself, it seems that Foxit has, at the very least, a very significant Chinese footprint :.

Which would raise all sorts of red flags regarding data privacy. Any additional information welcome. Manually updating with FR Have never known why and I have too low of an expertise to play mean games with them…. As Gomer would say, Thank ya, Thank ya, Thank ya!!

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. LinkedIn Learning. Learn the basics Get going quickly and easily with Microsoft video training. Quick Starts Get up to speed in no time with these popular guides. Collaborate Do your best work together. With Microsoft , you can collaborate with anyone, anywhere. Office for the web training Learn how to stay productive in Office from any browser with these brand new courses.

Cheat sheets Get up to speed fast with these quick references and keyboard shortcuts. Infographics Get inspired with cool new infographics for your favorite Office apps. The other route is buying Office and subscribing to Publisher via Office As aforementioned, buying Office is mandatory to access and use Microsoft Publisher And the reason for this could probably the seamless integration the tool experiences with other Microsoft products. Microsoft Publisher is an entry-level application for small businesses, and also home users.

It is right for firms who cannot afford or are not willing to buy an expensive publishing program, primarily because they have limited desktop publishing experience.

To work with Publisher , you need not be a professional graphics designer. All that is needed is some basic knowledge of Publisher and a bit of creativity. The program is user-friendly and easy to use. If you are a new user or who has not done any kind of graphic designing work before, the included tutorial should help you get the hang of things.

Although not generally common in the Netherlands any more, double angle guillemet quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Some fonts, e. Verdana , were not designed with the flexibility to use an English left quote as a German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.

Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German. Double right-pointing angular quotes, »…» , can also be used. Alternatively, an en-dash followed by a non-breaking space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted see section Quotation dash below.

A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation. French uses angle quotation marks guillemets , or duck-foot quotes , adding a ‘quarter-em space’ [a] within the quotes. Many people now use the non-breaking space , because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four-per-em is virtually imperceptible but also because the Unicode quarter-em space is breakable , and the quarter-em glyph is omitted from many fonts.

Using the wrong type of space often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is treated as an independent word. This parallels normal usage in other languages, e. They were different from English quotes because they were standing like today’s guillemets on the baseline like lowercase letters , and not above it like apostrophes and English quotation marks or hanging down from it like commas.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like small parentheses. The angle shape appeared later to increase the distinction and avoid confusions with apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets, with both types pointing to the right like today’s French closing guillemets.

They must be used with non-breaking spaces , preferably narrow, if available, i. Legacy support of narrow non-breakable spaces was done at rendering level only, without interoperability as provided by Unicode support.

In old-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text including multiple paragraphs , an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation; any right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation. This convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks occurred even if there is a word hyphenation break.

Given this feature has been obsoleted, there is no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word-processors.

Further, running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation.

The quotation marks end at the last spoken text rather than extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken. A closing quotation mark, » , is added to the beginning of each new quoted paragraph. In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform unpaired apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:. A quotation dash is also used, and is predominant in belletristic literature. The PWN rules state:. In specific uses, guillemets also appear.

Guillemet marks pointing inwards are used for highlights and in case a quotation occurs inside a quotation. Guillemet marks pointing outwards are used for definitions mainly in scientific publications and dictionaries , as well as for enclosing spoken lines and indirect speech, especially in poetic texts.

Another style of quoting is to use an em-dash to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues, and is virtually the only convention used in works of fiction. An en-dash is sometimes used in place of the em-dash , especially so in newspaper texts. Neither the Portuguese language regulator nor the Brazilian prescribe what is the shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.

In Portugal , the angular quotation marks [53] [58] ex. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, used normally by typographers.

This can be verified by the difference between a Portuguese keyboard which possesses a specific key for « and for » and a Brazilian keyboard. The Portuguese-speaking African countries tend to follow Portugal’s conventions, not the Brazilian ones. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks. Pushkin wrote to Delvig: “Waiting for ‘Gypsies’, and publish at once.

One of my acquaintances, a poet and literary critic, once jokingly said: ‘I prefer to read dictionaries than poems. The dictionary has the same words as in the poem, but is presented in a systematic way’. It’s a joke, but ‘reading dictionaries’ is not as amazing and bizarre as it may seem. Spanish uses angled quotation marks comillas latinas or angulares as well, but always without the spaces.

And, when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is: [80]. Hispanic Americans often use them, owing to influence from the United States. Corner brackets are well-suited for Chinese , Japanese , and Korean languages which are written in both vertical and horizontal orientations. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. Usage differs when writing horizontally:. White corner brackets are used to mark quote-within-quote segments in case corner brackets are used.

Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue, replacing them with an initial dash, as in lines from James Joyce’s Ulysses :. Alan Paton used this style in Cry, the Beloved Country and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work. Charles Frazier used this style for his novel Cold Mountain as well. Details for individual languages are given above. The dash is often combined with ordinary quotation marks. For example, in French, a guillemet may be used to initiate running speech, with a dash to indicate each change in speaker and a closing guillemet to mark the end of the quotation.

Dashes are also used in many modern English novels , especially those written in nonstandard dialects. Some examples include:. In Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Georgian, Romanian, Lithuanian and Hungarian, the reporting clause in the middle of a quotation is separated with two additional dashes also note that the initial quotation dash is followed by a single whitespace character as well as the fact that the additional quotation dashes for the middle main clause after the initial quotation dash are all with a single whitespace character on both of their sides :.

In Finnish , on the other hand, a second dash is added when the quote continues after a reporting clause: [82]. It may be the same length as an em-dash, which is often used instead. Some software will insert a line break after an em-dash, but not after a quotation dash. Both are displayed in the following table. Different typefaces , character encodings and computer languages use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks. Many systems, such as the personal computers of the s and early s, actually drew these ASCII quotes like closing quotes on-screen and in printouts, so text would appear like this approximately :.

Using this character as the opening quote gave a typographic approximation of curved single quotes. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes, which would look approximately like the following:. The typesetting application TeX uses this convention for input files. The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks. The Unicode mapping for PostScript Standard Encoding preserves the typographic approximation convention by mapping its equivalent of ASCII grave and single-quote to the Unicode curly quotation mark characters.

In typewriter keyboards, the curved quotation marks were not implemented. Instead, to save space, the straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise.

Even in countries that did not use curved quotation marks, angular quotation marks were not implemented either [ citation needed ]. Computer keyboards followed the steps of typewriter keyboards.

Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks. This may also have to do with computer character sets:.

In languages that use the angular « Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones, [ citation needed ] word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users at minimum as available characters. Before Unicode was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8-bit encoding the software and underlying operating system was using.

The character sets for Windows and Macintosh used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while ISO historically the default character set for the Unixes and older Linux systems has no curved quotes, making cross-platform and -application compatibility difficult.

Performance by these “smart quotes” features was far from perfect overall variance potential by e. As many word processors including Microsoft Word and OpenOffice. The curved apostrophe is the same character as the closing single quote. An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show ‘Til Death. The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles, [g] in which single quotes are the standard primary.

Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes or any other non-ASCII characters from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process including the clipboard if applicable are Unicode-aware.

But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur. If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings i.

RSS aggregators and search results. In Windows file and folder names, the straight double quotation mark is prohibited, as it is a reserved character. The curved quotation marks, as well as the straight single quotation mark, are permitted. This convention was later standardized in RFC , and was adopted subsequently by many email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages in plain text mode. Several other Unicode characters with quotation mark semantics lack the character property.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Punctuation mark. The symbol ” redirects here. For other uses, see ” disambiguation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. English quotation marks. This article contains special characters.

Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Main article: Quotation marks in English. English quotes are more common on the second level. A rule in the house style guide recommends NBSP, though. Also used in word processing, where NBSP is not justifying, though except in Word , according to this forum thread. The French Imprimerie nationale recommends double angle quotes even on the second level.

This section may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. September Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Dutch article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:Aanhalingsteken]]; see its history for attribution.

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